Combined chiller and free cooling system for operation at intermediate ambient temperature

ABSTRACT

A system includes a first set of coils receive coolant from a first coolant line and provide the coolant to a second coolant line. A second set of coils receive coolant from a third coolant line and provide the coolant to a fourth coolant line. A first valve regulates flow of coolant between the first and third coolant line. A second valve regulates flow of coolant between the second and the fourth coolant lines. A third valve regulates flow of coolant between the fourth coolant line and a fifth coolant line coupled to a water evaporator and a three-way valve. The three-way valve regulates flow of coolant between the fifth coolant line, the third coolant line, and a coolant input line. A fourth valve regulates flow of coolant between the second coolant line and a water condenser. A controller adjusts the valves to operate in an intermediate temperature mode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/216,388 filed Mar. 29, 2021, and entitled “COMBINED CHILLER AND FREECOOLING SYSTEM FOR OPERATION AT INTERMEDIATE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE,” whichis incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to heating, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC) systems and methods of their use. More particularly,in certain embodiments, this disclosure relates to a combined chillerand free cooling system for operation at intermediate ambienttemperature.

BACKGROUND

Chiller systems may be used in cooling air for relatively large spaces,such as commercial buildings, industries, schools, data centers, and thelike. A chiller system may cool a refrigerant by transferring heat tooutdoor air. The cooled refrigerant is then used to cool a flow ofcoolant, which is delivered to an indoor system in order to cool airthat is provided to the space.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

As described above, a chiller system cools a flow of refrigerant,through a refrigeration cycle involving heat transfer with outdoor airand uses this cooled refrigerant to cool a flow of coolant. The coolantis then delivered to an indoor unit to cool air that is provided to anenclosed, or indoor, space. In some cases, the outdoor ambienttemperature is sufficiently low for the coolant to be directly cooled bythe air without requiring the refrigeration cycle of a typical chiller.Such direct cooling at relatively low ambient temperatures may bereferred to as “free cooling.” Free cooling may be available in spacesthat still have a cooling demand even when the outdoor temperature isrelatively low, such as offices with high internal loads like computerrooms, data centers, and the like. For example, free cooling mayparticularly be available in locations where outdoor air temperaturesare below 5° C. for a significant portion of each year.

Generally, in order to implement free cooling in previous systems, afree cooling unit must be added to a chiller unit (e.g., viaretrofitting of an existing chiller unit). This can result in variousdisadvantages and inefficiencies. In particular, the use of a separatechiller unit and free cooling unit results in the inefficient use ofheat transfer area because condensers of one unit will always beinactive. For example, when the outdoor ambient temperature isrelatively high, the chiller unit may be operated, while the heattransfer resources (e.g., the heat transfer coils) of the free coolingunit are unused. Similarly, during low outdoor temperature conditions,the free cooler unit may be operated, while the condensers of thechiller are idle or not used. Furthermore, when a separate chiller unitand free cooling unit are combined, human error can occur, resulting inincreased likelihood of system faults and the corresponding downtimesduring which cooling is unavailable. This may be particularlyproblematic when the chiller unit and free cooling unit are manufacturedby different entities, or when the units are not expressly designed tobe operated in combination.

This disclosure contemplates an unconventional system that solvesproblems of previous chiller systems, including those described above.The system, in certain embodiments, includes a combined chiller/freecooling unit. This unit includes outdoor coils arranged in parallel,such that a first-side inlet of each coil is in fluid communication witha first-side coolant line and a second-side outlet of each coil is influid communication with the same second-side coolant line. A firstvalve is located in the first-side coolant line and a second valve islocated in the second-side coolant line to separate the coils into afirst set of coils on one side of the first and second valves and asecond set of coils on the other side of the first and second valves. Athird valve may be positioned to regulate the flow of coolant from thesecond-side coolant line (on the side of the second set of coils) towarda water evaporator. A fourth valve may be positioned to regulate a flowof coolant from the second-side coolant line (on the side of the firstset of coils) to a water condenser.

These specially arranged valves are controlled by a controller, which isconfigured to operate the unit in an appropriate mode based, forinstance, on environmental and/or setpoint conditions. For example, in ahigh-temperature operating mode, the first, second, and fourth valvesmay be adjusted to an open position, while the third valve is adjustedto a closed position. This valve configuration corresponds to both thefirst and second sets of coils acting as chillers (e.g., where coolingis facilitated via contact with a refrigerant undergoing a vaporcompression refrigeration cycle). In a low temperature operating mode,the first, second, and third valves are adjusted to open positions,while the fourth valve is adjusted to a closed position. This valveconfiguration corresponds to both the first and second sets of coilsacting as a free cooling unit (e.g., where cooling is facilitatedthrough heat transfer with cool outdoor air). In anintermediate-temperature operating mode, the third and fourth valves areadjusted to open positions, while the first and second valves areadjusted to a closed position. This valve configuration corresponds tothe first set of coils acting as chillers (e.g., where cooling isfacilitated via contact with a refrigerant undergoing a vaporcompression refrigeration cycle) and the second sets of coils acting asa free cooling unit (e.g., where cooling is facilitated through heattransfer with cool outdoor air).

The combined chiller/free cooling unit described in this disclosureallows the full (i.e., entire) heat transfer area of the unit to be usedunder all operating conditions, such that cooling resources are notwasted, left unused, or otherwise left idle during portions of the year.The combined chiller/free cooling unit improves the efficiency ofproviding cooling to a space by ensuring that an efficient combinationof refrigerant-based cooling (i.e., cooling involving a refrigerationcycle) and/or free cooling (i.e., cooling provided directly from a coolambient environment) are selected. For example, a controller of thecombined chiller/free cooling unit may operate in one of several modesfor improving cooling efficiency. For instance, at a high ambienttemperature, valves may be adjusted to operate the combined chiller/freecooling unit in a high temperature mode where both the first and secondsets of coils are configured for refrigerant-based cooling (se FIG. 2 ).Meanwhile, at a low ambient outdoor temperature the controller mayadjust valves of the combined chiller/free cooling unit such both firstand second sets of coils are configured for free cooling (see FIG. 3 ).At intermediate ambient temperatures, the controller operates the unitin a mode in which cooling is provided by both refrigerant-based coolingand the free cooling (see FIG. 4 ). In some embodiments, a plurality ofvalves are positioned and configured such that heat transfer resources(e.g., the various coils) can be redistributed amongst therefrigerant-based cooling portion and the free cooling portion, furtherincreasing the overall efficiency of cooling operations (see FIG. 5 ).The combined chiller/free cooling unit of this disclosure may allow freecooling to be used at higher ambient temperatures than was possibleusing previous technology by supplementing free cooling withrefrigerant-based cooling.

Certain embodiments may include none, some, or all of the abovetechnical advantages. One or more other technical advantages may bereadily apparent to one skilled in the art from the figures,descriptions, and claims included herein.

In an embodiment, a system includes a first set of coils configured toreceive coolant from a first coolant line, transfer heat from thecoolant to outdoor air, and provide the coolant to a second coolantline. A second set of coils is configured to receive coolant from athird coolant line, transfer heat from the coolant to outdoor air, andprovide the coolant to a fourth coolant line. A first valve ispositioned and configured to regulate flow of the coolant between thefirst coolant line and the third coolant line. A second valve ispositioned and configured to regulate flow of the coolant between thesecond coolant line and the fourth coolant line. A third valve ispositioned and configured to regulate flow of coolant between the fourthcoolant line and a fifth coolant line. The fifth coolant line is coupledto a water evaporator and a three-way valve. The three-way valve isconfigured to regulate flow of the coolant between the fifth coolantline, the third coolant line, and a coolant input line. A fourth valveis positioned and configured to regulate flow of the coolant between thefirst coolant line and a water condenser. A compressor is configured tocompress a refrigerant provided to the water condenser.

In another embodiment, a controller (e.g., of the system described inthe embodiment above) receives an outdoor temperature and an indoorsetpoint temperature. The controller determines, based on a comparisonof the outdoor temperature to the indoor setpoint temperature, that thesystem should operate in a high-temperature operating mode. Afterdetermining that the system should operate in the high-temperatureoperating mode, the first valve is caused to be in an open position suchthat flow of the coolant is allowed between the first coolant line andthe third coolant line. The second valve is caused to be in the openposition such that flow of the coolant is allowed between the secondcoolant line and the fourth coolant line. The third valve is caused tobe in a closed position such that flow of the coolant is preventedbetween the fourth coolant line and the fifth coolant line. The fourthvalve is caused to be in the open position such that flow of the coolantis allowed between the second coolant line and the water condenser. Thethree-way valve is caused to be in a position such that flow of thecoolant is allowed between the coolant input and the fifth coolant lineand prevented between the coolant input and the third coolant line.

In another embodiment, a controller (e.g., of the system described inthe embodiment above) receives a temperature measurement and an indoorsetpoint temperature. The controller determines, based on a comparisonof the temperature measurement to the indoor setpoint temperature, thatthe system should operate in a low-temperature operating mode. Afterdetermining that the system should operate in the low-temperatureoperating mode, the first valve is caused to be in an open position suchthat flow of the coolant is allowed between the first coolant line andthe third coolant line. The second valve is caused to be in the openposition such that flow of the coolant is allowed between the secondcoolant line and the fourth coolant line. The third valve is caused tobe in the open position such that flow of the coolant is allowed betweenthe fourth coolant line and the fifth coolant line. The fourth valve iscaused to be in a closed position such that flow of the coolant isprevented between the second coolant line and the water condenser. Thethree-way valve is caused to be in a position such that flow of thecoolant is allowed between the coolant input and the third coolant lineand prevented between the fifth coolant line and the third coolant line.

In yet another embodiment, a controller (e.g., of the system describedin the embodiment above) receives a temperature measurement and anindoor setpoint temperature. The controller determines, based on acomparison of the temperature measurement to the indoor setpointtemperature, that the system should operate in anintermediate-temperature operating mode. After determining that thesystem should operate in the intermediate-temperature operating mode,the first valve is caused to be in a closed position such that flow ofthe coolant is prevented between the first coolant line and the thirdcoolant line. The second valve is caused to be in the closed positionsuch that flow of the coolant is prevented between the second coolantline and the fourth coolant line. The third valve is caused to be in anopen position such that flow of the coolant is allowed between thefourth coolant line and the fifth coolant line. The fourth valve iscaused to be in the open position such that flow of the coolant isallowed between the second coolant line and the water condenser. Thethree-way valve is caused to be in a position such that flow of thecoolant is allowed between the coolant input and the third coolant lineand prevented between the fifth coolant line and the third coolant line.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, referenceis now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example combined chiller/free cooling system;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example combined chiller/free cooling systemof FIG. 1 operating in a high temperature mode;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example combined chiller/free cooling systemof FIG. 1 operating in a low temperature mode;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example combined chiller/free cooling systemof FIG. 1 operating in an intermediate temperature configuration;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example embodiment of combined chiller/freecooling system that is operable in different split chiller/free coolingconfigurations;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example embodiment of a combined chiller/freecooling system coupled to a heat recovery unit;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of the example combined chiller/free cooling systemof FIG. 6 in an alternative configuration;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of operating thecombined chiller/free cooling system of any of FIGS. 1-7 and determiningan operating mode of the system;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of operating thecombined chiller/free cooling system of any of FIGS. 1-7 in a hightemperature operating mode;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of operating thecombined chiller/free cooling system of any of FIGS. 1-7 in a lowtemperature operating mode;

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of operating thecombined chiller/free cooling system of any of FIGS. 1-7 in anintermediate temperature operating mode; and

FIG. 12 is a diagram of an example controller of the chiller/freecooling system of any of FIGS. 1-7 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure and its advantages are bestunderstood by referring to FIGS. 1 through 12 of the drawings, likenumerals being used for like and corresponding parts of the variousdrawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a chiller/free coolingsystem 100. The chiller/free cooling system 100 generally receivesheated coolant at fluid conduit 114 a, cools this coolant, and providesthe cooled coolant via fluid conduit 114 b. The heated coolant may bereceived from an indoor unit (not shown for clarity and conciseness)that conditions air for delivery to a conditioned space or otherwiseprovides cooling to an indoor space or an industrial process. Theconditioned space may be, for example, a room, a house, an officebuilding, a warehouse, or the like. In some embodiments, thechiller/free cooling system 100 may be, or may be part of, a rooftopunit (RTU) that is positioned on the roof of a building and theconditioned air is delivered to the interior of the building. In otherembodiments, portions of the chiller/free cooling system 100 may belocated within the building and a portion outside the building. Thechiller/free cooling system 100 may include other elements that are notshown here for convenience and clarity. The chiller/free cooling system100 may be configured as shown in FIG. 1 or in any other suitableconfiguration. For example, the chiller/free cooling system 100 mayinclude additional components or may omit one or more components shownin FIG. 1 .

The chiller/free cooling system 100 includes a compressor 102, a workingfluid conduit subsystem 104, a condenser 106, an expansion device 108,an evaporator 110, a coolant pump 112, a coolant conduit subsystem 114a-f, a first set of coils 120, a second set of coils 122, a first valve124, a second valve 126, a third valve 128, a fourth valve 130, athree-way valve 132, one or more sensors 134, 136, 138, and a controller140.

The compressor 102, working fluid conduit subsystem 104, expansiondevice 108, condenser 106, and evaporator 110 operate to facilitate anexpansion-compression cycle of working fluid flowing therethrough. Ingeneral, the compressor 102 compresses a working fluid (e.g.,refrigerant or other fluid) that is provided to the condenser 106 wherethe working fluid is cooled via heat transfer with the coolant fromconduit 114 c. The cooled working fluid is provided along conduit 104through expansion device 108 before the working fluid is provided to theevaporator 110. At the evaporator 110, heat is transferred from thecoolant flowing in conduit 114 d to the working fluid, such that thecoolant is cooled before being provided to conduit 114 b for indoorcooling. The coolant may be any appropriate coolant fluid, such as wateror a mixture of water and glycol.

The compressor 102 may be a single-stage or multi-stage compressor.While FIG. 1 includes a single compressor, the system 100 could includemultiple compressors connected in parallel. A single-stage compressor isgenerally configured to operate at a constant speed to increase thepressure of the working fluid to keep the working fluid moving along theworking-fluid conduit subsystem 104. Meanwhile, a multi-stage compressormay include multiple compressors configured to operate at a constantspeed to increase the pressure of the working fluid to keep the workingfluid moving along the working-fluid conduit subsystem 104. In thisconfiguration, one or more compressors can be turned on or off to adjustcharacteristics heat transfer at the condenser 106 and/or evaporator110. In some embodiments, the compressor 102 may be configured tooperate at multiple speeds or as a variable speed compressor. Forexample, the compressor 102 may be configured to operate at differentpredetermined speeds. The compressor 102 is in signal communication withthe controller 140 using a wired or wireless connection. The controller140 is configured to provide commands or signals to control theoperation of the compressor 102.

The working fluid conduit subsystem 104 facilitates the movement of theworking fluid (e.g., a refrigerant) through the expansion compressioncycle facilitated by the compressor 102, condenser 106, expansion device108, and evaporator 110. The working fluid may be any acceptable workingfluid including, but not limited to, fluorocarbons (e.g.chlorofluorocarbons), ammonia, non-halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g.propane), hydroflurocarbons (e.g. R-410A, R32), or any other suitabletype of refrigerant.

The condenser 106 is generally any heat exchanger, such as a watercondenser, located downstream of the compressor 102 and is used toremove heat from the working fluid (e.g., via heat transfer with coolantfrom conduit 114 c). The compressed, cooled working fluid flows from thecondenser 106 toward the expansion device 108.

The expansion device 108 is configured to reduce pressure from theworking fluid. The expansion device 108 is coupled to the working-fluidconduit subsystem 104 downstream of the condenser 106. In this way, theworking fluid is delivered to the evaporator 110 and receives heat fromcoolant from conduit 114 d to produce a cooled coolant flow in conduit114 b, which may be provided for cooling of an indoor space, such as aroom or building or an industrial process. In general, the expansiondevice 108 may be a valve such as an expansion valve or a flow controlvalve or any other suitable valve for reducing pressure from the workingfluid while, optionally, providing control of the rate of flow of theworking fluid. In some cases, the expansion device 108 may bemechanically controlled with an internal regulation system, such thatthere may be no communication with the controller 140. In other cases,the expansion device 108 may be in communication with the controller 140(e.g., via wired and/or wireless communication) to receive controlsignals for opening and/or closing associated valves and/or providingflow measurement signals corresponding to the rate of working fluid flowthrough the conduit subsystem 104.

The evaporator 110 is generally any heat exchanger configured to provideheat transfer between working fluid flowing through the evaporator 110and coolant from conduit 114 d. The evaporator 110 is fluidicallyconnected to the compressor 102, such that working fluid generally flowsfrom the evaporator 110 to the compressor 102.

The coolant pump 112 is generally any fluid pump configured to provide aflow of coolant, such as water. The coolant pump 112 and coolant conduitsubsystem 114 a-f facilitates the flow of coolant through the system 100as illustrated in FIG. 1 and described herein. Each of the outdoor coils116 a-e is a heat exchanger (e.g., comprising one or more tubes and/orcoils) configured to transfer heat from a coolant flowing therethroughto outdoor air, thereby cooling the coolant. The outdoor coils 116 a-eare arranged in parallel, such that a first-side inlet/outlet of eachcoils 116 a-e is in fluid communication with first-side coolant conduits114 e,f and a second-side inlet/outlet of each coils 116 a-e is in fluidcommunication with the second-side coolant conduits 114 g,h. The system100 may include a fan 118 a-e for each or several coils 116 a-e. Thefans 118 a-e may be any type of fan or air moving device operable toprovide a flow of outdoor air over the coils 116 a-e.

A first valve 124 is located between first-side coolant conduits 114 eand 114 f, and a second valve 126 is located between second-side coolantconduits 114 g and 114 h, as illustrated in FIG. 1 , thereby separatingthe coils 116 a-e into a first set 120 of coils 116 a,b on one side ofthe first valve 124 and second valve 126 and a second set 122 of coils116 c-e on the other side of the first valve 124 and second valve 126.While the first valve 124 and second valve 126 are shown between coils116 b and 116 c, it should be understood that the first valve 124 andsecond valve 126 a may be located in between any pair of adjacent coils116 a-e. Moreover, while the example of FIG. 1 shows multiple coils 116a-d in each coil set 120, 122, one or both of the first coil set 120 andthe second coil set 122 may include a single coil 116 a-d. The number ofcoils 116 a-d in each set may be selected based on cooling needs,average ambient temperature, and the like. In some embodiments, thesystem 100 include multiple first and second valves 124, 126 betweenmultiple pairs of adjacent coils 116 a-e, for example, as illustrated inFIG. 5 and described in greater detail below.

A third valve 128 is positioned to regulate the flow of coolant from thesecond-side coolant conduit 114 h toward the evaporator 110, asillustrated in FIG. 1 . A fourth valve 130 is positioned to regulate theflow of coolant from the first-side coolant conduit 114 g toward thecondenser 106. A three-way valve 132 is in fluid communication withcoolant conduit 114 a, 114 f, and coolant conduit 114 d as illustratedin FIG. 1 . The various valves 124, 126, 128, 130, and 132 are generallyoperated (e.g., opened and/or closed) by the controller 140 in order toachieve a desired coolant flow to facilitate cooling of the coolantusing refrigerant-based cooling (see high temperature mode configurationof FIG. 2 ), cooling of the coolant using free cooling (see lowtemperature configuration of FIG. 3 ), cooling of the coolant using acombination of refrigerant-based cooling and free cooling (seeintermediate temperature configurations of FIGS. 4 and 5 ). In someembodiments, the system 100 may be further coupled to a heat recoveryunit, which may further facilitate cooling of the coolant flowingthrough the conduit subsystem 114 a-f (see examples of FIGS. 6 and 7 ).

The system 100 may include one or more sensors 134, 136, 138 in signalcommunication with the controller 140. Sensors 134 may be any suitabletype of sensor for measuring outdoor air temperature and/or otherproperties of the outdoor environment. Sensors 136 and 138 may bepositioned and configured to measure a temperature of coolant providedto evaporator 110 and a temperature of coolant output from theevaporator 110, respectively, as illustrated in FIG. 1 . Informationfrom the sensors 134, 136, 138 may be provide to the controller 140 astemperature measurements 144. Temperature measurements 144 may includean outdoor temperature, a temperature of coolant at the evaporator 110inlet, and/or a temperature of coolant at the evaporator 110 outlet. Insome embodiments, outdoor temperature may also or alternatively bedetermined based on weather information (e.g., a weather forecastprovided to the controller 140).

The controller 140 generally receives information from sensors 134, 136,and/or 138 and uses this information to operate the system 100 accordingto predefined control rules 146. The control rules 146 include anyinstructions, logic, and/or code for adjusting operation of thecompressor 106, coolant pump 112, expansion valve 108, and/or valves124, 126, 128, 130, 132 based at least in part on a measured temperature144. For example, operation of the valves 124, 126, 128, 130, 132 may bedetermined based on comparison of a measured temperature 144 of outdoorair (e.g., from sensor 134) to a temperature setpoint 142. Thetemperature setpoint 142 may be a target temperature for cooling anindoor space using the cooled coolant provided via conduit 114 b. Thecontroller 140 is described in greater detail below with respect to FIG.12 .

For example, if a measured temperature 144 of outdoor air is greaterthan a threshold amount above the temperature setpoint 142, thecontroller 140 may use control rules 146 for operating in a hightemperature mode by closing valve 128 and adjusting the three-way valve132 to allow coolant flow from input line 114 a to conduit 114 d andprevent flow from conduit 114 a to conduit 114 f (see FIG. 2 andcorresponding description below). If a measured temperature 144 ofoutdoor air is greater than a threshold amount below the temperaturesetpoint 142, the controller 140 may use control rules 146 for operatingin a low temperature mode by closing valve 130 and adjusting thethree-way valve 132 to allow flow of coolant from conduit 114 a toconduit 114 f and prevent flow of coolant from conduit 114 a to conduit114 d (see FIG. 3 and corresponding description below). If a measuredtemperature 144 of outdoor air is not greater than a threshold amountabove or below the temperature setpoint 142, the controller 140 may usecontrol rules 146 for operating in an intermediate temperature mode byclosing valves 124 and 126 and adjusting the three-way valve 132 toallow flow of coolant from conduit 114 a to conduit 114 f and preventflow of coolant from conduit 114 a to conduit 114 d (see FIGS. 4 and 5and corresponding description below). In embodiments, that include aheat recovery unit, the control rules 146 include instructions foradjusting valves 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, such that coolant may becooled using fluid received from the heat recovery unit alone or incombination with the refrigerant-based cooling and/or free cooling, asillustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 .

Connections between various components of the system 100 may be wiredand/or wireless. For example, conventional cable and contacts may beused to couple the controller 140 to the various components of thesystem 100, including the compressor 102, coolant pump 112, expansionvalve 108, and valves 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, and sensors 134, 136,138. In some embodiments, a wireless connection is employed to provideat least some of the connections between components of the system 100such as, for example, a connection between controller 140 and thesensors 134, 136, 138 of system 100. In some embodiments, a data buscouples various components of the system 100 together such that data iscommunicated therebetween. In a typical embodiment, the data bus mayinclude, for example, any combination of hardware, software embedded ina computer readable medium, or encoded logic incorporated in hardware orotherwise stored (e.g., firmware) to couple components of system 100 toeach other. As an example and not by way of limitation, the data bus mayinclude an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, aController Area Network (CAN) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), aHYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an INFINIBAND interconnect, alow-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture(MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express(PCI-X) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a VideoElectronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or any other suitablebus or a combination of two or more of these. In various embodiments,the data bus may include any number, type, or configuration of databuses, where appropriate. In certain embodiments, one or more data buses(which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple thecontroller 140 to other components of the system 100.

Example High Temperature Mode Operation

FIG. 2 illustrates an example operation of system 100 in a high ambienttemperature mode. In this example operation, the controller 140 mayreceive an outdoor temperature measurement 144 (e.g., from sensor 134and/or weather information) and an indoor setpoint temperature 142(e.g., from an indoor system that receives cooled coolant from conduit114 b). Based on a comparison of the outdoor temperature measurement 144to the indoor setpoint temperature 142, the controller 140 determinesthat the system 100 should operate in a high temperature mode. Forexample, the controller 140 may determine a difference between theoutdoor air temperature 144 (T_(outdoor)) and the setpoint temperature142 (T_(setpoint)) and determine whether the difference(T_(outdoor)−T_(setpoint)) is greater than a predefined threshold value(e.g., a threshold value 1214 of FIG. 12 ). In some cases, thecontroller 140 may receive a temperature measurement 144 of coolant(e.g. entering evaporator 110 from sensor 136 and/or exiting evaporator110 from sensor 138), and the coolant temperature 144 may be compared tothe temperature setpoint 142, similarly to as described above, todetermine that the system 100 should operate in the high temperaturemode. Further examples of determining the operating mode of the system100 are described with respect to step 804 of FIG. 8 below.

After determining that the system 100 should operate in the hightemperature operating mode, the controller 140 adjusts the valves 124,126, 128, 130, and 132 as illustrated in FIG. 2 . In FIG. 2 , closedlines correspond to open valves, and dashed lines correspond to closedvalves. Similarly, closed lines in conduits 104 and 114 a-f correspondto conduits 104, 114 a-f in which there is a flow of fluid (i.e.,working fluid or coolant) and dashed lines correspond to conduits 104,114 a-f without flow of fluid. In the high temperature operating mode,the controller 140 may cause the coolant pump 112 to operate to providea flow of coolant through conduits 114 c,e,f,h,g and the coils 116 a-e.The controller 140 causes the first valve 124 to be in an open positionsuch that flow of coolant is allowed between coolant conduit 114 e and114 f. The controller 140 also causes the second valve 126 to be in theopen position such that flow of coolant is allowed between coolantconduit 114 g and coolant conduit 114 h. The controller 140 causes thethird valve 128 to be in a closed position such that flow of coolant isprevented between coolant conduit 114 h and coolant conduit 114 d. Thecontroller 140 causes the fourth valve 130 to be in an open positionsuch that flow of coolant is allowed between coolant conduit 114 g andthe condenser 106. The controller 140 causes the three-way valve 132 tobe in a position such that flow of coolant is allowed between coolantinput conduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 d and prevented between theinput conduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 f.

In the high temperature mode configuration of FIG. 2 , all of the coils116 a-e are used for refrigerant-based cooling. As such, the controller140 may also provide a control signal to the compressor 102 to cause thecompressor 102 to operate. Accordingly, in the high temperatureoperating mode, the condenser 106 receives coolant cooled by the coils116 a-e and transfers heat from the working fluid to the cooled coolant,thereby cooling the working fluid. The evaporator 110 receives workingfluid cooled by the condenser 106 and transfers heat from the flow ofthe coolant received from input conduit 114 a and passed to theevaporator 110 via three-way valve 132 to the cooled working fluid,thereby cooling the coolant before it is returned to the indoor systemvia conduit 114 b.

Example Low Temperature Mode Operation

FIG. 3 illustrates an example operation of system 100 in a low ambienttemperature mode. In this example operation, the controller 140 receivean outdoor temperature measurement 144 (e.g., from sensor 134 and/orweather information) and an indoor setpoint temperature 142 (e.g., froman indoor system that receives cooled coolant from conduit 114 b). Basedon a comparison of the outdoor temperature measurement 144 to the indoorsetpoint temperature 142, the controller 140 determines that the system100 should operate in a low temperature mode. For example, thecontroller 140 may determine a difference between the setpointtemperature 142 (T_(setpoint)) and the outdoor air temperature 144(T_(outdoor)) and determine whether the difference(T_(setpoint)−T_(outdoor)) is greater than a predefined threshold value(e.g., a threshold value 1214 of FIG. 12 ). As another example, thecontroller 140 may receive a temperature measurement 144 of coolant(e.g. entering evaporator 110 from sensor 136 and/or exiting evaporator110 from sensor 138) and use this coolant temperature 144 to determinethe operating mode of the system 100. For instance, the controller 140may determine that the system 100 should operate in the low temperatureoperating mode by determining that the coolant temperature 144 is lessthan a threshold value (e.g., a threshold value 1214 of FIG. 12 ).Further examples of determining the operating mode of the system 100 aredescribed with respect to step 804 of FIG. 8 below.

After determining that the system 100 should operate in the lowtemperature operating mode, the controller 140 adjusts the valves 124,126, 128, 130, and 132 as illustrated in FIG. 3 . In FIG. 3 , closedlines correspond to open valves, and dashed lines correspond to closedvalves. Similarly, closed lines in conduits 104 and 114 a-f correspondto conduits 104, 114 a-f in which there is a flow of fluid (i.e.,working fluid or coolant) and dashed lines correspond to conduits 104,114 a-f without flow of fluid. The controller 140 causes the first valve124 to be in an open position such that flow of coolant is allowedbetween coolant conduit 114 e and coolant conduit 114 f. The controller140 also causes the second valve 126 to be in the open position suchthat flow of coolant is allowed between coolant conduit 114 g andcoolant conduit 114 h. The controller 140 causes the third valve 128 tobe in an open position such that flow of coolant is allowed betweencoolant conduit 114 h and coolant conduit 114 d. The controller 140causes the fourth valve 130 to be in a closed position such that flow ofcoolant is prevented between coolant conduit 114 g and the condenser106. The controller 140 causes the three-way valve 132 to be in aposition such that flow of coolant is prevented between the coolantinput conduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 d and allowed between theinput conduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 f. As such, coolant does nottransfer heat with the condenser 106, and cooling of the coolant isprovided through heat transfer with outdoor air at coils 116 a-e.

In the low temperature mode configuration of FIG. 3 , all of the coils116 a-e are used for free cooling (i.e., cooling involving heat transferwith outdoor air). As such, the controller 140 may also provide acontrol signal to the compressor 102 to cause the compressor 102 to turnoff. In some embodiments, the controller 140 may also or alternativelyprovide a control signal instructing coolant pump 112 to turn off.Accordingly, in the low temperature operating mode, energy consumptionis decreased by not operating compressor 102 and/or coolant pump 112.The working fluid that is cooled via heat transfer with cool outdoor airat coils 116 a-e is returned to the indoor cooling system via conduit114 b.

Example Intermediate Temperature Mode Operation

FIG. 4 illustrates an example operation of system 100 in an intermediateambient temperature mode. In this example operation, the controller 140receive an outdoor temperature measurement 144 (e.g., from sensor 134and/or weather information) and an indoor setpoint temperature 142(e.g., from an indoor system that receives cooled coolant from conduit114 b). Based on a comparison of the outdoor temperature measurement 144to the indoor setpoint temperature 142, the controller 140 determinesthat the system 100 should operate in an intermediate temperature mode.For example, the controller 140 may determine that the measuredtemperature 144 of outdoor air is not greater than a threshold amount(e.g., a threshold value 1214 of FIG. 12 ) above or a threshold amountbelow the temperature setpoint 142. In such cases, the controller 140may determine to operate the system 100 in the intermediate temperaturemode. Further examples of determining the operating mode of the system100 are described with respect to step 804 of FIG. 8 below.

After determining that the system 100 should operate in the intermediatetemperature operating mode, the controller 140 adjusts the valves 124,126, 128, 130, and 132 as illustrated in FIG. 4 . In FIG. 4 , closedlines correspond to open valves, and dashed lines correspond to closedvalves. Similarly, closed lines in conduits 104 and 114 a-f correspondto conduits 104, 114 a-f in which there is a flow of fluid (i.e.,working fluid or coolant) and dashed lines correspond to conduits 104,114 a-f without flow of fluid. The controller 140 causes the first valve124 to be in a closed position such that flow of coolant is preventedbetween coolant conduit 114 e and coolant conduit 114 f. The controller140 also causes the second valve 126 to be in a closed position suchthat flow of coolant is prevented between coolant conduit 114 g andcoolant conduit 114 h. Closing the first valve 124 and the second valve126 segregates coils 116 a,b into the first coil set 120 and coils 116c-e into the second coil set 122. The first coil set 120 is used forrefrigerant-based cooling (i.e., using heat transfer with condenser106), while the coil set 122 is used for free cooling (e.g., using heattransfer with cool outdoor air). In some embodiments, the system 100 mayinclude additional first valves 124 and second valves 126 positionedbetween different adjacent pairs of coils 116 a-e, such that thecontroller 140 may select the number of coils 116 a-e to include in thefirst coil set 120 for refrigerant-based cooling and in the coil set 122for free cooling (see FIG. 5 and corresponding description below).

Still referring to the intermediate temperature operating mode of FIG. 4, the controller 140 also causes the third valve 128 to be in an openposition such that flow of coolant is allowed between coolant conduit114 h and coolant conduit 114 d. The controller 140 causes the fourthvalve 130 to be in an open position such that flow of coolant is allowedbetween coolant conduit 114 g and the condenser 106. The controller 140causes the three-way valve 132 to be in a position such that flow ofcoolant is prevented between the coolant input conduit 114 a and coolantconduit 114 d and allowed between the input conduit 114 a and coolantconduit 114 f.

In the intermediate temperature mode configuration of FIG. 4 , the firstcoil set 120 is used for refrigerant-based cooling (i.e., using heattransfer with condenser 106), while the coil set 122 is used for freecooling (e.g., using heat transfer with at least moderately cool outdoorair). As such, coolant from coil set 120 transfers heat with thecondenser 106 in order to facilitate cooling using evaporator 110.Meanwhile, coolant is also cooled via free cooling using coil set 122via heat transfer with outdoor air. Accordingly, less energy may beconsumed to operate coolant pump 112 and/or compressor 102, since atleast a portion of cooling is achieved using free cooling.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example system 500 that is alternative embodimentof the system 100 in which the number of coils 116 a-e used forrefrigerant-based cooling and free cooling can be intelligentlyadjusted. The system 500 includes the same components of system and aplurality of first valves 124 a-d and second valves 126 a-d. Themultiple valves allow the system 100 to operate in various “split”intermediate temperature configurations such that a different number ofthe coils 116 a-e can be used for refrigerant-based cooling (i.e., coils116 a-e to left of whichever valves 124 a-d, 126 a-d are closed) whilethe remaining coils 116 a-e are used for free cooling (i.e., the coils116 a-e to the right of whichever valves 124 a-d, 126 a-d are closed).As an example, when the controller 140 determines that the system 500should operate in the intermediate temperature operating mode (e.g., asdescribed above and below with respect to FIG. 8 ), the controller 140of system 500 may further determine which one of the first valves 124a-d and which one of the second valves 126 a-d to close. For instance,if the outdoor temperature 144 is not greater than a threshold amountabove or below the temperature setpoint 142 but the outdoor temperature144 is relatively cold, more of the coils 116 a-e may be used for freecooling.

As an illustrative example, the controller 140 may determine whichvalves 124 a-d and 126 a-d to close based on a comparison of the outdoortemperature 144 and/or the setpoint temperature 142 to a predefinedtemperature associated with effective free cooling operation (e.g., athreshold temperature 1214 of FIG. 12 ). If the outdoor temperature 144is nearer the predefined temperature, then more of the coils 116 a-e maybe used for free cooling. As an example, if the outdoor temperature 144is within a first threshold range above the predefined temperature, thecontroller 140 may close valves 124 a and 126 a, such that coils 116 b-eare used for free cooling. As another example, if the outdoortemperature 144 is within a second threshold range (that is greater thanthe first threshold range) above the predefined temperature, thecontroller 140 may close valves 124 b and 126 b, such that coils 116 c-eare used for free cooling. As yet another example, if the outdoortemperature 144 is within a third threshold range (that is greater thanthe second threshold range) above the predefined temperature, thecontroller 140 may close valves 124 c and 126 c, such that coils 116 d,eare used for free cooling. As yet another example, if the outdoortemperature 144 is within a fourth threshold range (that is greater thanthe third threshold range) above the predefined temperature, thecontroller 140 may close valves 124 d and 126 d, such that only coil 116e is used for free cooling. Valves 128, 130, and 132 arepositioned/configured as described with respect to FIG. 4 above.

Example Operation with a Heat Recovery Unit

FIG. 6 illustrates an example system 600 that is an alternativeembodiment of the system 100 (or system 500) in which the system 600 iscoupled to a heat recovery unit 602. The heat recovery unit 602 may beany system configured to recover heat to provide heating indoors (e.g.,to a portion of an indoor space). The heat recovery unit 602 generallyoutputs a flow of cooled coolant and receives a higher temperaturecoolant following heat transfer at condenser 106. The system 600includes the same components of system 100 (or system 500) along withthe heat recovery unit 602, additional fluid conduit 604, an additionalthree-way valve 606, and a temperature sensor 608 configured to measurethe temperature of the heated coolant supplied to the heat recovery unit206. Measurements from the temperature sensor 608 are provided to thecontroller 140 as temperature measurements 144. The controller 140 isgenerally configured to use control rules 146 to operate the three-wayvalve 606 to allow receipt of coolant (e.g., water or any otherappropriate coolant) from the heat recovery unit 602 at condenser 106,cooling of working fluid by the received coolant, and return of theresulting heated coolant back to the heat recovery unit 602. In someembodiments (e.g., for cases in which coolant from the heat recoveryunit 602 and the system 100 should not be allowed to mix), a heatexchanger may be placed at the position of valve 606. Coolant from therecovery unit 602 may transfer heat with the heated coolant output bycondenser 106 and provided as heated coolant back to the heat recoveryunit 602.

The controller 140 may use measured temperatures 144 and/or the setpoint142 to determine whether the cooling of working fluid in conduitsubsystem 104 and of coolant provided to the indoor system via coolantconduit 114 b should be provided through heat exchange with the heatrecovery unit 602 alone (see configuration of FIG. 6 ) or in combinationwith refrigerant-based cooling and/or free cooling (see configuration ofFIG. 7 ). For example, if the controller 140 determines that there is arequest for heat recovery (e.g., at a requested coolant temperature)from the heat recovery unit 602 and that the temperature 144 of coolantprovided to the heat recover unit 602 is less than or equal to athreshold value (e.g., a threshold value 1214 of FIG. 12 correspondingto the requested coolant temperature value), the controller 140 maydetermine that cooling from the heat recovery unit 602 alone isappropriate.

In this example scenario, the controller 140 causes the valves 124, 126,128, and 130 to be in closed position such that flow of coolant isprevented through these valves 124, 126, 128, 130, as illustrated inFIG. 6 . The controller 140 causes the three-way valve 132 to be in aposition such that flow of coolant is allowed between coolant inputconduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 d and prevented between inputconduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 f. The controller 140 also causesthe added three-way valve 606 to be in a position such that fluid flowis allowed between inlet conduit 604 and outlet conduit 604 (returningto the heat recovery unit 602) but prevented between inlet conduit 604and coolant conduit 114 e. The controller 140 may turn on the compressor102 and turn off coolant pump 112. During operation in the configurationof FIG. 6 , power consumption may be reduced because coolant pump 112may not be operating (i.e., may be turned off). Additionally, the heatrecovered by the heat recovery unit 602 may provide further energysavings (e.g., because an active power source, such as a resistiveheater or gas heater, is not needed or is needed to a lesser extent).

As another example, if the controller 140 determines that there is arequest for heat recovery from the heat recovery unit 602 (e.g., at arequested coolant temperature) and that the temperature of coolantprovided to the heat recovery unit 602 is greater than the thresholdvalue but less than a second threshold associated with being too hot touse the heat recovery unit 602, the controller 140 may determine thatsome of the heated coolant should be directed through coolant conduit114 e to prevent overheating of the heat recovery unit 602. FIG. 7illustrates a possible configuration for this example scenario in whichthe coil set 120 are used to provide supplemental cooling. As shown inFIG. 7 , the controller 140 causes the first valve 124 to be in a closedposition such that flow of coolant is prevented between coolant conduit114 e and coolant conduit 114 f. The controller 140 also causes thesecond valve 126 to be in a closed position such that flow of coolant isprevented between coolant conduit 114 g and coolant conduit 114 h. Thecontroller 140 causes the third valve 128 to be in an open position suchthat flow of coolant is allowed between coolant conduit 114 h andcoolant conduit 114 d. The controller causes the fourth valve 130 to bein an open position such that flow of coolant is allowed between coolantconduit 114 g and the condenser 106. The controller 140 causes thethree-way valve 132 to be in a position such that flow of coolant isallowed between the coolant input conduit 114 a and the coolant conduit114 d and prevented between the input conduit 114 a and the coolantconduit 114 f. The controller 140 also causes the added three-way valve606 to be in a position such that fluid flow is allowed between inletconduit 604 and both coolant conduit 114 e and outlet conduit 604(returning to the heat recovery unit 602). The controller 140 may turnon the compressor 106 and coolant pump 112 to operate as illustrated inFIG. 7 .

Example Methods of Operating Combined Chiller/Free Cooling Systems

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an example method 800 of operating the systems100, 500, and/or 600 described in any of FIGS. 1-7 . For conciseness,example method 800 is described with respect to system 100. However, themethod 800 may be performed using system 500 of FIG. 5 and system 600 ofFIGS. 6 and 7 . Example method 800 includes processes for determining anappropriate operating mode of the system 100 and is linked to examplemethod 900 for operating in a high temperature mode (FIG. 9 ), examplemethod 1000 for operating in a low temperature mode (FIG. 10 ), andexample method 1100 for operating in an intermediate temperature mode(FIG. 11 ).

Method 800 may begin at step 802 where the controller 140 receives thesetpoint temperature 142 and temperature measurements 144. Thetemperature setpoint 142 is generally a target temperature of an indoorspace that is cooled at least in part using the cooled coolant providedvia coolant conduit 114 b of system 100. The temperature measurements144 may include a measurement of outdoor temperature (e.g., from sensor134 and/or available weather information) and/or measurement(s) ofcoolant temperature (e.g., from sensors 136, 138, 608).

At step 804, the controller 140 determines a mode in which to operatethe system 100 (e.g., based on control rules 146) using the temperaturesetpoint 142 and the temperature measurements 144. For example, thecontroller 140 may compare the temperature setpoint 142 to the outdoortemperature 144. For instance, if a measured temperature 144 of outdoorair is greater than a threshold amount above the temperature setpoint142, the controller 140 may determine that the system 100 should operatein a high temperature mode. If the measured temperature 144 of outdoorair is greater than a threshold amount below the temperature setpoint142, the controller 140 may determine that the system should operate inthe low temperature mode. If a measured temperature 144 of outdoor airis not greater than a threshold amount above or below the temperaturesetpoint 142, the controller 140 may determine the system 100 shouldoperate in an intermediate temperature mode. As another example, thecontroller 140 may compare the temperature setpoint 142 to a coolanttemperature 144 measured by sensors 136 and/or 138. For instance, If thesystem 100 is currently operating in high temperature mode (see FIG. 2 )and the resulting coolant temperature 144 measured at sensor 138 iscolder than necessary to achieve the setpoint temperature 142 (e.g., ifthe coolant temperature 144 is less than a threshold amount below thesetpoint temperature 142), the controller 140 may determine that partialfree cooling operation may be appropriate (e.g., in the intermediatetemperature mode). This may improve operating efficiency (e.g., decreaseenergy consumption) while protecting against undesirable freezing ofcoolant.

At step 806, if the controller 140 determines that the system 100 shouldoperate in the high temperature mode, the controller 140 proceeds tostep 902 of the example method 900 shown in FIG. 9 . Referring now toFIG. 9 , the controller 140 determines if heat recovery is desired atstep 902. For example, the controller 140 may determine if a request forheat recovery is received from the heat recover unit 602 of FIG. 6 .Heat recovery may be requested, for example, if heating is desired forat least a portion of an indoor space.

If heat recovery is not requested at step 902, the controller 140proceeds to steps 904, 906, and 908 to configure the system 100 asillustrated in FIG. 2 and described above. At step 904, the controller140 causes the first valve 124, second valve 126, and fourth valve 130to be adjusted to an open position. At step 906, the controller 140causes the third valve 128 to be adjusted to a closed position. At step908, the controller 140 adjusts the three-way valve 132 to theconfiguration illustrated in FIG. 2 , such that flow of coolant isallowed between coolant input conduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 dand prevented between the input conduit 114 a and the coolant conduit114 f.

If heat recovery is requested at step 902, the controller 140 proceedsto step 910 to determine whether coolant is heated beyond what isrequested by the heat recovery unit 602. For example, the controller 140may determine whether the temperature 144 of coolant provided to theheat recovery unit 602 (e.g., as measured by sensor 608 of FIG. 6 ) isless than a threshold temperature, as described above with respect toFIGS. 6 and 7 . If the coolant temperature 144 is less than thethreshold temperature, then additional cooling is not needed at step910. However, if the coolant temperature is not less than the thresholdtemperature, then additional cooling is needed.

If coolant is not heated beyond what is requested by the heat recoveryunit 602, the controller 140 may proceed to adjust configuration of thesystem according to FIG. 6 at steps 912, 914, and 908. At step 912, thecontroller 140 causes the additional valve 606 to be adjusted asillustrated in FIG. 6 , such that flow is allowed between inlet conduit604 and outlet conduit 604 (returning to the heat recovery unit 602) butprevented between inlet conduit 604 and coolant conduit 114 e. At step914, the controller 140 adjusts the first, second, third and fourthvalves 124, 126, 128, 130 to closed positions. At step 908, thecontroller 140 adjusts the three-way valve 132 to the positionillustrated in FIG. 6 , such that flow of coolant is allowed between thecoolant input conduit 114 a and the coolant conduit 114 d and preventedbetween the input conduit 114 a and the coolant conduit 114 f.

If coolant is heated beyond what is requested by the heat recovery unit602 at step 910, the controller 140 may proceed to adjust configurationof the system according to FIG. 7 at steps 916, 918, 920, and 908. Atstep 916, the controller 140 causes the additional valve 606 to beadjusted as illustrated in FIG. 7 , such that flow is allowed betweeninlet conduit 604 and both coolant conduit 114 e and outlet conduit 604(returning to the heat recovery unit 602). At step 918, the controller140 adjusts the first, second, and third valves 124, 126, 128 to closedpositions. At step 920, the controller 140 adjusts the fourth valve 130to an open position. The controller 140 may also turn on the coolantpump 112. At step 908, the controller 140 adjusts the three-way valve132 to the position illustrated in FIG. 7 , such that flow of coolant isallowed between the coolant input conduit 114 a and the coolant conduit114 d and prevented between the input conduit 114 a and the coolantconduit 114 f.

Returning to FIG. 8 , if the controller 140 determines at step 808 thatthe system 100 should operate in the low temperature mode, thecontroller 140 proceeds to step 1002 of the example method 1000 shown inFIG. 10 . Referring now to FIG. 10 , the controller 140 may determine ifthe full free cooling capacity of the system 100 is needed at step 1002.For example, the controller 140 may determine what coolant temperature144 (e.g., measured by sensor 136) is achieved if all coils 116 a-e areused for free cooling. If this temperature 144 is less than a thresholdvalue (e.g., a value which may cause freezing in coolant conduit 114a-f), then the full free cooling capacity is not desired at step 1002.Otherwise, the full free cooling capacity is desired using all coils 116a-e.

If the full free cooling capacity is desired at step 1002, thecontroller proceeds to adjust the system 100 according to theconfiguration of FIG. 3 at steps 1004, 1006, 1008, and 1010. At step1004, the controller 140 causes the first, second, and third valves 124,126, 128 to be in an open position. At step 1006, the controller 140causes the fourth valve 130 to be in a closed position. At step 1008,the controller 140 turns off the compressor 102 and the coolant pump 112(e.g., if these components were previously turned on). At step 1010, thecontroller 140 adjusts the three-way valve 132 as illustrated in FIG. 3, such that flow of coolant is prevented between the coolant inputconduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 d and allowed between the inputconduit 114 a and coolant conduit 114 f.

If the full free cooling capacity is desired at step 1002, thecontroller proceeds to step 1012 to determine a number of coils 116 a-eto use for free cooling (e.g., for the system 500 of FIG. 5 withmultiple first valves 124 a-d and multiple second valves 16 a-d). Forexample, the controller 140 may determine a number of coils 116 a-e thatwill bring the coolant temperature measured by sensor 136 and/or 138 toa value that is closest to a threshold value without falling below thethreshold vale. The threshold value may be a threshold 1214 of FIG. 12selected to prevent freezing of the coolant. At step 1014, thecontroller 140 causes the third valve 128 to be in an open position. Atstep 1016, the controller 140 causes the first valve 124 (e.g., thevalve 124 a-d determined at step 1012), the second valve 126 (e.g., thevalve 126 a-d determined at step 1012), and the fourth valve 130 to bein a closed position. The controller 140 then proceeds to steps 1008 and1010, which are described above.

Returning to FIG. 8 , if the controller 140 determines at step 810 thatthe system 100 should operate in the intermediate temperature mode, thecontroller 140 proceeds to step 1102 of the example method 1100 shown inFIG. 11 . Referring now to FIG. 11 , if the system 100 includes multiplefirst valves 124 a-d and multiple second valves 126 a-d as in system 500of FIG. 5 , the controller 140 may determine how to split coolantbetween refrigerant-based cooling in coil set 120 and free cooling incoil set 122. For example, may determine the number of coils 116 a-e touse for refrigerant-based cooling and free cooling based on a comparisonof the outdoor temperature 144 and/or the setpoint temperature 142 to apredefined temperature associated with effective free cooling operation(e.g., a threshold temperature 1214 of FIG. 12 ), as described ingreater detail above with respect to FIG. 5 .

At step 1104, the controller 140 determines which first valve 124 a-dand which second valve 126 a-d to close to achieve the split determinedat step 1102. For example, the controller 140 determines that valves 124b and 126 b are closed to achieve a split with coils 116 a,b used forrefrigerant-based cooling and coils 116 c-e used for free cooling. For asystem without multiple first valves 124 a-d and multiple second valves126 a-d, such as system 100 of FIGS. 1-4 , steps 1102 and 1104 may notbe performed.

At step 1106, the controller 140 causes the determined first and secondvalves 124 a-d and 126 a-d to be closed, and, at step 1108, thecontroller 140 causes the remaining first and second valves 124 a-d and126 a-d to be open. For instance, if the controller 140 determines thatvalves 124 b and 126 b should be closed at step 1104, then valves 124 band 126 b are closed at step 1106, while valves 124 a,c-d and valves 126a,c-d are opened at step 1108. For a system without multiple firstvalves 124 a-d and multiple second valves 126 a-d, such as system 100 ofFIGS. 1-4 , the controller 140 closes the first and second valves 124and 126.

At step 1110, the controller 140 adjusts the third valve 128 and fourthvalve 130 to an open position. At step 1112, the controller 140 adjuststhe three-ways valve to the position illustrated in FIG. 4 , such thatflow of coolant is prevented between the coolant input conduit 114 a andcoolant conduit 114 d and allowed between the input conduit 114 a andcoolant conduit 114 f.

Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to methods 800, 900,1000, and 1100 depicted in FIGS. 8-11 . Methods 800, 900, 1000, and 1100may include more, fewer, or other steps. For example, steps may beperformed in parallel or in any suitable order. While at times discussedas system 100 (or components thereof) performing the steps, any suitablesystem (e.g., system 500 of FIG. 5 or system 600 of FIGS. 6 and 7 ) orcomponents of the system may perform one or more steps of the method.

Example Controller of the Combined Chiller/Free Cooling System

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a the controller 140of FIGS. 1-7 . The controller 140 includes a processor 1202, a memory1204, and an input/output (I/O) interface 1206.

The processor 1202 comprises one or more processors operably coupled tothe memory 1204. The processor 1202 is any electronic circuitryincluding, but not limited to, state machines, one or more centralprocessing unit (CPU) chips, logic units, cores (e.g. a multi-coreprocessor), field-programmable gate array (FPGAs), application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), or digital signal processors (DSPs) thatcommunicatively couples to memory 1204 and controls the operation ofsystems 100, 500, 600. The processor 1202 may be a programmable logicdevice, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or any suitable combinationof the preceding. The processor 1202 is communicatively coupled to andin signal communication with the memory 1204. The one or more processorsare configured to process data and may be implemented in hardware orsoftware. For example, the processor 1202 may be 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit,64-bit or of any other suitable architecture. The processor 1202 mayinclude an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for performing arithmetic andlogic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALUand store the results of ALU operations, and a control unit that fetchesinstructions from memory 1204 and executes them by directing thecoordinated operations of the ALU, registers, and other components. Theprocessor may include other hardware and software that operates toprocess information, control the system 100, 500, 600, and perform anyof the functions described herein (e.g., with respect to FIGS. 1-11 ).The processor 1202 is not limited to a single processing device and mayencompass multiple processing devices. Similarly, the controller 140 isnot limited to a single controller but may encompass multiplecontrollers.

The memory 1204 comprises one or more disks, tape drives, or solid-statedrives, and may be used as an over-flow data storage device, to storeprograms when such programs are selected for execution, and to storeinstructions and data that are read during program execution. The memory1204 may be volatile or non-volatile and may comprise ROM, RAM, ternarycontent-addressable memory (TCAM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM),and static random-access memory (SRAM). The memory 1204 is operable tostore temperature setpoint 142, measured temperatures 144, control rules146, threshold values 1214, and any other data or instructions. Thecontrol rules 146 include high temperature mode instructions 1208, lowtemperature mode instructions 1210, and intermediate temperatureinstructions 1212. Each set of instructions 1208, 1210, 1212 includesany suitable set of logic, rules, or code operable to execute theoperations described above with respect to FIGS. 1-11 .

The I/O interface 1206 is configured to communicate data and signalswith other devices. For example, the I/O interface 1206 may beconfigured to communicate electrical signals with the components of thesystems 100, 500, 600, as described above and illustrated in FIGS. 1-7 .The I/O interface may receive, for example, setpoint temperature 142,temperature measurements 144, environmental conditions, and the like andsend electrical signals to the valves 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 606,compressor 102, coolant pump 112, and any other appropriate systemcomponents. The I/O interface 1206 may use any suitable type ofcommunication protocol to communicate with various components of thesystems 100, 500, 600. For example, the I/O interface 1206 may beconfigured to transmit pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. In otherexamples, the I/O interface 1206 may use any other suitable type ofsignals to control components as would be appreciated by one of ordinaryskill in the art. The I/O interface 1206 may comprise ports or terminalsfor establishing signal communications between the controller 140 andother devices. The I/O interface 1206 may be configured to enable wireand/or wireless communications.

While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure,it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods might beembodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spiritor scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to beconsidered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is notto be limited to the details given herein. For example, the variouselements or components may be combined or integrated in another systemor certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.

In addition, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described andillustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may becombined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, ormethods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled orcommunicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicatingthrough some interface, device, or intermediate component whetherelectrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes,substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in theart and could be made without departing from the spirit and scopedisclosed herein.

To aid the Patent Office, and any readers of any patent issued on thisapplication in interpreting the claims appended hereto, applicants notethat they do not intend any of the appended claims to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112(f) as it exists on the date of filing hereof unless the words “meansfor” or “step for” are explicitly used in the particular claim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a set of coils arranged inparallel, each coil configured to: receive coolant from a first coolantline transfer heat from the received coolant to outdoor air; and providethe coolant to a second coolant line; wherein, for each pair of adjacentcoils in the set of coils, the system comprises: a first valvepositioned in the first coolant line between the pair of coils andconfigured to regulate flow of coolant in the first coolant line; and asecond valve positioned in the second coolant line between the pair ofcoils and configured to regulate flow of coolant in the second coolantline; and a controller communicatively coupled to the first valve andthe second valve for each pair of coils, the controller comprising aprocessor configured to: receive a temperature measurement and an indoorsetpoint temperature; determine, based on a comparison of thetemperature measurement to the indoor setpoint temperature, a splitoperating mode in which to operate the system, wherein the determinedsplit operating mode corresponds to operation of a first number of theset of coils in a refrigerant-based cooling mode and operation of asecond number of the set of coils in a free cooling mode; afterdetermining the split operating mode in which to operate the system:cause the first valve to close in the first coolant line between a firstpair of coils, such that the first number of the set of coils are influid communication with a water condenser operable forrefrigerant-based cooling; and cause the second valve to close in thesecond coolant line between the first pair of coils, such that thesecond number of the set of coils are in fluid communication with acoolant input of the system.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein thetemperature measurement is a measurement of an outdoor temperature; andthe processor is further configured to, prior to determining the splitoperating mode, determine that the system should operate in the splitoperating mode by: determining that the outdoor temperature is notgreater than a threshold amount above the indoor setpoint temperature;and determining that the outdoor temperature is not less than thethreshold amount below the indoor setpoint temperature.
 3. The system ofclaim 1, wherein: the temperature measurement is a measurement of anoutdoor temperature; and the processor is further configured todetermine the split operating mode by: comparing the indoor setpointtemperature and the outdoor temperature; determining, based on thecomparison of the indoor setpoint temperature and the outdoortemperature, the first number of coils to operate in therefrigerant-based cooling mode and the second number of the set of coilsto operate in the free cooling mode.
 4. The system of claim 3, whereinthe processor is further configured to: determine whether the outdoortemperature is within a first threshold range above a predefinedtemperature; if the outdoor temperature is within the first thresholdrange above the predefined temperature, determine that the second numberincludes every coil except for one of the set of coils; if the outdoortemperature is not within the first threshold range above the predefinedtemperature: determine that the outdoor temperature is within a secondthreshold range above the predefined temperature, wherein the secondthreshold range is larger than the first threshold range; and determinethat the second number includes every coil except for two of the set ofcoils.
 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a third valvepositioned and configured to regulate flow of coolant from the secondcoolant line to an evaporator of the system; a three-way valvepositioned and configured to regulate flow of the coolant between thecoolant input of the system, the evaporator, and the first coolant line;and a fourth valve positioned and configured to regulate flow of thecoolant between the water condenser and the first coolant line; andwherein the processor is further configured to, after determining thesplit operating mode in which to operate the system: cause the thirdvalve to be in an open position such that flow of the coolant is allowedbetween the fourth coolant line and the fifth coolant line; cause thefourth valve to be in the open position such that flow of the coolant isallowed between the second coolant line and the water condenser; andcause the three-way valve to be in a position such that flow of thecoolant is: allowed between the coolant input and first coolant line;and prevented between the fifth coolant line and the evaporator.
 6. Thesystem of claim 5, wherein: the temperature measurement is a measurementof a coolant temperature of coolant provided to the evaporator; and theprocessor is further configured to, prior to determining the splitoperating mode, determine that the system should operate in the splitoperating mode by: determining that the coolant temperature is notgreater than a threshold amount above the indoor setpoint temperature;and determining that the coolant temperature is not less than thethreshold amount below the indoor setpoint temperature.
 7. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the system further comprises: a coolant pumpconfigured, when turned on, to provide a flow of coolant from the secondcoolant line to a water condenser; and wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to cause the coolant pump to turn on.
 8. The system of claim1, the system further comprising, for each coil of the first set ofcoils and the second set of coils, at least a corresponding fan.